Check out these free photo software images:
2010-11-03 Crab Nebula - Reprocessed and Inverted in Greyscale
Image by Ken_Lord
I'm trying out a free trial license for PixInsight, which appears to have far more capabilities than DeepSky Stacker ... and is that much harder to figure out.
An example of a cool tool in PixInsight is the background tool, which removed nearly all of the spot-light vignetting that was in the original due to not using flat files or my light pollution filter.
(I crudely hid the problem in the original by setting the black point in the brighter part of the noise, which also reduced the detail visible in the image)
Capture details are available in the first Crab Nebula photo with the same date in the title.
I'm sure there's a hundred things wrong with this as it's my first attempt with PixInsight and I used 30 second sub-exposures, but at this point it's way over my head, I'm happy to have gotten this out of the software thanks to some newbie tutorials on PixInsight's forum.
#60 astrodeep200407a HUDF, Spitzer #2 4.88z old tiny galaxy 494X492
Image by rmforall@gmail.com
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five
2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta
Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, -- might be clusters of earliest
hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2x2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70x70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315x315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500x10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of
3022x2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
In this image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, several objects are identified
as the faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe.
They are so far away that we see them as they looked less than one billion
years after the Big Bang.
Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly
discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky
Way Galaxy.
The bottom row of pictures shows several of these clumps (distance expressed
in redshift value).
Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted.
Rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into
tadpole-like shapes.
This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighboring
galaxies to form larger structures.
The detection required joint observations between Hubble and NASA's Spitzer
Space Telescope.
Blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars.
The absence of red light from Spitzer observations conclusively shows that
these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
Id: heic0714a
Object: HUDF, UDF, Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Type: Cosmology
Instrument: ACS
Width: 2750
Height: 3312
Downloads
Images
www.spacetelescope.org/images/original/heic0714a.tif
Fullsize Original 17.085 MB
www.alternatiff.com/
view with free software AlternaTIFF
alternatiff-1_8_4.exe for Firefox browser
Large JPEG
3,422 KB
Screensize JPEG
387 KB
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Zoomable
Copyright-free material (more info).
www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMCGRMPQ5F_index_1.html
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31/image/
www.spitzer.caltech.edu/
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
www.spacetelescope.org/news/text/heic0714.txt
HEIC0714: EMBARGOED UNTIL 18:00 (CEST)/12:00 PM EDT 06 September, 2007
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
News release:
Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes find “Lego-block” galaxies in early
Universe
06-September 2007 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA
Spitzer Space Telescope have joined forces to discover nine of the
smallest, faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the
newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than
our Milky Way Galaxy.
The conventional model for galaxy evolution predicts that small galaxies
in the early Universe evolved into the massive galaxies of today by
coalescing. Nine Lego-like “building block” galaxies initially detected
by Hubble likely contributed to the construction of the Universe as we
know it. “These are among the lowest mass galaxies ever directly
observed in the early Universe” says Nor Pirzkal of the European Space
Agency/STScI.
Pirzkal was surprised to find that the galaxies’ estimated masses were
so small. Hubble’s cousin observatory, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope
was called upon to make precise determinations of their masses. The
Spitzer observations confirmed that these galaxies are some of the
smallest building blocks of the Universe.
These young galaxies offer important new insights into the Universe’s
formative years, just one billion years after the Big Bang. Hubble
detected sapphire blue stars residing within the nine pristine galaxies.
The youthful stars are just a few million years old and are in the
process of turning Big Bang elements (hydrogen and helium) into heavier
elements. The stars have probably not yet begun to pollute the
surrounding space with elemental products forged within their cores.
“While blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars, it
is the absence of infrared light in the sensitive Spitzer images that
was conclusive in showing that these are truly young galaxies without an
earlier generation of stars,” says Sangeeta Malhotra of Arizona State
University in Tempe, USA, one of the investigators.
The galaxies were first identified by James Rhoads of Arizona State
University, USA, and Chun Xu of the Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics in Shanghai, China. Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly
disrupted -- rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear
stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be
interacting and merging with neighbouring galaxies to form larger,
cohesive structures.
The galaxies were observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with
Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and
Multi-Object Spectrometer as well as Spitzer’s Infrared Array Camera and
the European Southern Observatory’s Infrared Spectrometer and Array
Camera. Seeing and analysing such small galaxies at such a great
distance is at the very limit of the capabilities of the most powerful
telescopes. Images taken through different colour filters with the ACS
were supplemented with exposures taken through a so-called grism which
spreads the different colours emitted by the galaxies into short
“trails”. The analysis of these trails allows the detection of emission
from glowing hydrogen gas, giving both the distance and an estimate of
the rate of star formation. These “grism spectra” -- taken with Hubble
and analysed with software developed at the Space Telescope-European
Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany -- can be obtained for objects
that are significantly fainter than can be studied spectroscopically
with any other current telescope.
# # #
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation
between ESA and NASA.
Pirzkal’s main collaborators were Malhotra, Rhoads, Xu, and the GRism
ACS Program for Extragalactic Science (GRAPES) team.
Image credit: NASA, ESA and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
If you wish to no longer receive these News and Photo Releases, please
send an email to distribution@spacetelescope.org with your name.
For more information, please contact:
Nor Pirzkal ;
European Space Agency/Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: 410-338-4879
Lars Lindberg Christensen ;
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Tel: +49-(0)89-3200-6306
Cellular: +49-(0)173-3872-621
Ray Villard ;
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: +1-410-338-4514
Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA
Tel: +1-818-354-4673
AST HUDF Spitzer IR 9 galaxies z 4-5.7, N Pirzdal, S Malhotra, JE Rhoads, C Xu, 2007.05.01 28p
www.spacetelescope.org/news/science_paper/0612513.pdf
arXiv:astro-ph/0612513v2 1 May 2007
Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-! galaxies at z about 5 in the HUDF: a young and low mass population
N. Pirzkal 1,2,
S. Malhotra 3,
J. E. Rhoads 3,
C. Xu 4
ABSTRACT
High redshift galaxies selected on the basis of their strong Lyman-! emission tend to be young ages and small physical sizes.
We show this by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 9 Lyman-! emitting (LAE) galaxies at 4.0 < z < 5.7 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF).
Rest-frame UV to optical 700°A < " < 7500°A luminosities, or upper limits, are used to constrain old stellar populations.
We derive best fit, as well as maximally massive and maximally old, properties of all 9 objects.
We show that these faint and distant objects are all very young, being most likely only a few millions years old, and not massive, the mass in stars being ! 106 − 108 M!.
Deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of these objects, even in cases where objects were not detected, were crucial in constraining the masses of these objects.
The space density of these objects, ! 1.25× 10−4 Mpc−3 is comparable to previously reported space density of LAEs at moderate to high redshifts.
These Lyman-! galaxies show modest star formation rates of ! 8 M! yr−1, which is nevertheless strong enough to have allowed these galaxies to assemble their stellar mass in less than a few ×106 years.
These sources appear to have small physical sizes, usually smaller than 1 Kpc, and are also rather concentrated.
They are likely to be some of the least massive and youngest high redshift galaxies observed to date.
Subject headings: galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high redshift, galaxies: formation, galaxies: structure, surveys, cosmology
1 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
2 Affiliated with the Space Science Telescope Division of the European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
3 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, P.R. China 200083
____________________________________________________________
See similar images:
notable bright blue tiny sources on darker 3D fractal web in HUDF VLT ESO
28 images from 506 galaxies, z about 6 , RJ Bouwens, GD Illingworth,
JP Blakeslee, M Franx 2008.02.04 draft 36 page: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/26
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/86
bright blue 1-4 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in IR and visible light
HUDF images -- might be the clusters of earliest hypernovae in the
Naoki Yoshida and Lars Hernquist simulation: Rich Murray 2008.07.31
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.htm
Thursday, July 31, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/24
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/84
____________________________________________________________
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
____________________________________________________________
#57 astrodeep200407a HUDF, Spitzer #5 5.76z old tiny galaxy 497X493 heic0714aa
Image by rmforall@gmail.com
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five
2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta
Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, -- might be clusters of earliest
hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2x2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70x70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315x315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500x10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of
3022x2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
In this image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, several objects are identified
as the faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe.
They are so far away that we see them as they looked less than one billion
years after the Big Bang.
Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly
discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky
Way Galaxy.
The bottom row of pictures shows several of these clumps (distance expressed
in redshift value).
Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted.
Rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into
tadpole-like shapes.
This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighboring
galaxies to form larger structures.
The detection required joint observations between Hubble and NASA's Spitzer
Space Telescope.
Blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars.
The absence of red light from Spitzer observations conclusively shows that
these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
Id: heic0714a
Object: HUDF, UDF, Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Type: Cosmology
Instrument: ACS
Width: 2750
Height: 3312
Downloads
Images
www.spacetelescope.org/images/original/heic0714a.tif
Fullsize Original 17.085 MB
www.alternatiff.com/
view with free software AlternaTIFF
alternatiff-1_8_4.exe for Firefox browser
Large JPEG
3,422 KB
Screensize JPEG
387 KB
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Zoomable
Copyright-free material (more info).
www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMCGRMPQ5F_index_1.html
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31/image/
www.spitzer.caltech.edu/
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
www.spacetelescope.org/news/text/heic0714.txt
HEIC0714: EMBARGOED UNTIL 18:00 (CEST)/12:00 PM EDT 06 September, 2007
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
News release:
Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes find “Lego-block” galaxies in early
Universe
06-September 2007 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA
Spitzer Space Telescope have joined forces to discover nine of the
smallest, faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the
newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than
our Milky Way Galaxy.
The conventional model for galaxy evolution predicts that small galaxies
in the early Universe evolved into the massive galaxies of today by
coalescing. Nine Lego-like “building block” galaxies initially detected
by Hubble likely contributed to the construction of the Universe as we
know it. “These are among the lowest mass galaxies ever directly
observed in the early Universe” says Nor Pirzkal of the European Space
Agency/STScI.
Pirzkal was surprised to find that the galaxies’ estimated masses were
so small. Hubble’s cousin observatory, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope
was called upon to make precise determinations of their masses. The
Spitzer observations confirmed that these galaxies are some of the
smallest building blocks of the Universe.
These young galaxies offer important new insights into the Universe’s
formative years, just one billion years after the Big Bang. Hubble
detected sapphire blue stars residing within the nine pristine galaxies.
The youthful stars are just a few million years old and are in the
process of turning Big Bang elements (hydrogen and helium) into heavier
elements. The stars have probably not yet begun to pollute the
surrounding space with elemental products forged within their cores.
“While blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars, it
is the absence of infrared light in the sensitive Spitzer images that
was conclusive in showing that these are truly young galaxies without an
earlier generation of stars,” says Sangeeta Malhotra of Arizona State
University in Tempe, USA, one of the investigators.
The galaxies were first identified by James Rhoads of Arizona State
University, USA, and Chun Xu of the Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics in Shanghai, China. Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly
disrupted -- rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear
stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be
interacting and merging with neighbouring galaxies to form larger,
cohesive structures.
The galaxies were observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with
Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and
Multi-Object Spectrometer as well as Spitzer’s Infrared Array Camera and
the European Southern Observatory’s Infrared Spectrometer and Array
Camera. Seeing and analysing such small galaxies at such a great
distance is at the very limit of the capabilities of the most powerful
telescopes. Images taken through different colour filters with the ACS
were supplemented with exposures taken through a so-called grism which
spreads the different colours emitted by the galaxies into short
“trails”. The analysis of these trails allows the detection of emission
from glowing hydrogen gas, giving both the distance and an estimate of
the rate of star formation. These “grism spectra” -- taken with Hubble
and analysed with software developed at the Space Telescope-European
Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany -- can be obtained for objects
that are significantly fainter than can be studied spectroscopically
with any other current telescope.
# # #
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation
between ESA and NASA.
Pirzkal’s main collaborators were Malhotra, Rhoads, Xu, and the GRism
ACS Program for Extragalactic Science (GRAPES) team.
Image credit: NASA, ESA and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
If you wish to no longer receive these News and Photo Releases, please
send an email to distribution@spacetelescope.org with your name.
For more information, please contact:
Nor Pirzkal ;
European Space Agency/Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: 410-338-4879
Lars Lindberg Christensen ;
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Tel: +49-(0)89-3200-6306
Cellular: +49-(0)173-3872-621
Ray Villard ;
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: +1-410-338-4514
Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA
Tel: +1-818-354-4673
AST HUDF Spitzer IR 9 galaxies z 4-5.7, N Pirzdal, S Malhotra, JE Rhoads, C Xu, 2007.05.01 28p
www.spacetelescope.org/news/science_paper/0612513.pdf
arXiv:astro-ph/0612513v2 1 May 2007
Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-! galaxies at z about 5 in the HUDF: a young and low mass population
N. Pirzkal 1,2,
S. Malhotra 3,
J. E. Rhoads 3,
C. Xu 4
ABSTRACT
High redshift galaxies selected on the basis of their strong Lyman-! emission tend to be young ages and small physical sizes.
We show this by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 9 Lyman-! emitting (LAE) galaxies at 4.0 < z < 5.7 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF).
Rest-frame UV to optical 700°A < " < 7500°A luminosities, or upper limits, are used to constrain old stellar populations.
We derive best fit, as well as maximally massive and maximally old, properties of all 9 objects.
We show that these faint and distant objects are all very young, being most likely only a few millions years old, and not massive, the mass in stars being ! 106 − 108 M!.
Deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of these objects, even in cases where objects were not detected, were crucial in constraining the masses of these objects.
The space density of these objects, ! 1.25× 10−4 Mpc−3 is comparable to previously reported space density of LAEs at moderate to high redshifts.
These Lyman-! galaxies show modest star formation rates of ! 8 M! yr−1, which is nevertheless strong enough to have allowed these galaxies to assemble their stellar mass in less than a few ×106 years.
These sources appear to have small physical sizes, usually smaller than 1 Kpc, and are also rather concentrated.
They are likely to be some of the least massive and youngest high redshift galaxies observed to date.
Subject headings: galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high redshift, galaxies: formation, galaxies: structure, surveys, cosmology
1 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
2 Affiliated with the Space Science Telescope Division of the European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
3 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, P.R. China 200083
____________________________________________________________
See similar images:
notable bright blue tiny sources on darker 3D fractal web in HUDF VLT ESO
28 images from 506 galaxies, z about 6 , RJ Bouwens, GD Illingworth,
JP Blakeslee, M Franx 2008.02.04 draft 36 page: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/26
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/86
bright blue 1-4 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in IR and visible light
HUDF images -- might be the clusters of earliest hypernovae in the
Naoki Yoshida and Lars Hernquist simulation: Rich Murray 2008.07.31
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.htm
Thursday, July 31, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/24
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/84
____________________________________________________________
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
____________________________________________________________
